Cushny-Peebles Data: Soporific Effects of Scopolamine Derivatives

Description

Cushny and Peebles (1905) studied the effects of hydrobromides related to scopolamine and atropine in producing sleep. The sleep of mental patients was measured without hypnotic (Control) and after treatment with one of three drugs: L. hyoscyamine hydrobromide (L_hyoscyamine), L. hyoscine hydrobromide (L_hyoscyine), and a mixture (racemic) form, DL_hyoscine, called atropine. The L (levo) and D (detro) form of a given molecule are optical isomers (mirror images).

The drugs were given on alternate evenings, and the hours of sleep were compared with the intervening control night. Each of the drugs was tested in this manner a varying number of times in each subject. The average number of hours of sleep for each treatment is the response.

Student (1908) used these data to illustrate the paired-sample t-test in small samples, testing the hypothesis that the mean difference between a given drug and the control condition was zero. This data set became well known when used by Fisher (1925). Both Student and Fisher had problems labeling the drugs correctly (see Senn & Richardson (1994)), and consequently came to wrong conclusions.

But as well, the sample sizes (number of nights) for each mean differed widely, ranging from 3-9, and this was not taken into account in their analyses. To allow weighted analyses, the number of observations for each mean is contained in the data frame CushnyPeeblesN.

Usage

data(CushnyPeebles)
data(CushnyPeeblesN)
	

Format

CushnyPeebles: A data frame with 11 observations on the following 4 variables.

Control

a numeric vector: mean hours of sleep

L_hyoscyamine

a numeric vector: mean hours of sleep

L_hyoscine

a numeric vector: mean hours of sleep

D_hyoscine

a numeric vector: mean hours of sleep

CushnyPeeblesN: A data frame with 11 observations on the following 4 variables.

Control

a numeric vector: number of observations

L_hyoscyamine

a numeric vector: number of observations

L_hyoscine

a numeric vector: number of observations

DL_hyoscine

a numeric vector: number of observations

Details

The last patient (11) has no Control observations, and so is often excluded in analyses or other versions of this data set.

Source

Cushny, A. R., and Peebles, A. R. (1905), "The Action of Optical Isomers. II: Hyoscines," Journal of Physiology, 32, 501-510.

References

Fisher, R. A. (1925), Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd.

Student (1908), "The Probable Error of a Mean," Biometrika, 6, 1-25.

Senn, S.J. and Richardson, W. (1994), "The first t-test", Statistics in Medicine, 13, 785-803.

See Also

sleep for an alternative form of this data set.

Examples

data(CushnyPeebles)
# quick looks at the data
plot(CushnyPeebles)
boxplot(CushnyPeebles, ylab="Hours of Sleep", xlab="Treatment")

##########################
# Repeated measures MANOVA

CPmod <- lm(cbind(Control, L_hyoscyamine, L_hyoscine, DL_hyoscine) ~ 1, data=CushnyPeebles)

# Assign within-S factor and contrasts
Treatment <- factor(colnames(CushnyPeebles), levels=colnames(CushnyPeebles))
contrasts(Treatment) <- matrix(
	c(-3, 1, 1, 1,
	   0,-2, 1, 1,
	   0, 0,-1, 1), ncol=3)
colnames(contrasts(Treatment)) <- c("Control.Drug", "L.DL", "L_hy.DL_hy")

Treats <- data.frame(Treatment)
if (require(car)) {
(CPaov <- Anova(CPmod, idata=Treats, idesign= ~Treatment))
}
summary(CPaov, univariate=FALSE)

if (require(heplots)) {
  heplot(CPmod, idata=Treats, idesign= ~Treatment, iterm="Treatment", 
	xlab="Control vs Drugs", ylab="L vs DL drug")
  pairs(CPmod, idata=Treats, idesign= ~Treatment, iterm="Treatment")
}

################################
# reshape to long format, add Ns

CPlong <- stack(CushnyPeebles)[,2:1]
colnames(CPlong) <- c("treatment", "sleep")
CPN <- stack(CushnyPeeblesN)
CPlong <- data.frame(patient=rep(1:11,4), CPlong, n=CPN$values)
str(CPlong)